By B.N. Frank
Opposition and warnings continue to increase about 4G being installed on the Moon AS WELL AS tens of thousands of satellites being launched to blast 5G and WiFi back at Earth (see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15). Now more astronomers are voicing their concerns.
From The Conversation:
A 4G network on the Moon is bad news for radio astronomy
Emma Alexander, University of Manchester
As you drive down the road leading to Jodrell Bank Observatory, a sign asks visitors to turn off their mobile phones, stating that the Lovell telescope is so powerful it could detect a phone signal on Mars.
Radio telescopes are designed to be incredibly sensitive. To quote the legendary astronomer Carl Sagan, “The total amount of energy from outside the solar system ever received by all the radio telescopes on the planet Earth is less than the energy of a single snowflake striking the ground.”
The total energy now is probably a few snowflakes’ worth, but nevertheless it is still true that astronomical radio signals are typically magnitudes smaller than artificial ones. If Jodrell Bank could pick up interference from a phone signal on Mars, how would it fare with an entire 4G network on the Moon?
That is the issue that is worrying astronomers like me, now that Nokia of America has been awarded US$14.1m (£10.8m) for the development of the first ever cellular network on the Moon. The LTE/4G network will aim to facilitate long term lunar habitability, providing communications for key aspects such as lunar rovers and navigation.
Network interference
Radio frequency interference (RFI) is the long-term nemesis of radio astronomers. Jodrell Bank – the earliest radio astronomy observatory in the world still in existence – was created because of RFI. Sir Bernard Lovell, one of the pioneers of radio astronomy, found his work at Manchester hampered by RFI from passing trams in the city, and he persuaded the university’s botany department to let him move to their fields in Cheshire for two weeks (he never left).
Sir Bernard Lovell, Director of Jodrell Bank Radio Astronomy Station, Cheshire, in 1964. PA/PA Archive/PA Images
Since then, radio telescopes have been built more and more remotely in an attempt to avoid RFI, with the upcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA) telescope being built across remote areas of South Africa and Australia. This helps to cut out many common sources for RFI, including mobile phones and microwave ovens. However, ground-based radio telescopes cannot completely avoid space-based sources of RFI such as satellites – or a future lunar telecommunications network.
RFI can be mitigated at the source with appropriate shielding and precision in the emission of signals. Astronomers are constantly developing strategies to cut RFI from their data. But this increasingly relies on the goodwill of private companies to ensure that at least some radio frequencies are protected for astronomy.
A long-term dream of many radio astronomers would be to have a radio telescope on the far side of the Moon. In addition to being shielded from Earth-based signals, it would also be able to observe at the lowest radio frequencies, which on Earth are particularly affected by a part of the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Observing at low radio frequencies can help answer fundamental questions about the universe, such as what it was like in the first few moments after the big bang.
The science case has already been recognised with the Netherlands-China Low Frequency Explorer, a telescope repurposed from the Queqiao relay satellite sent to the Moon in the Chang’e 4 mission . Nasa has also funded a project on the feasibility of turning a lunar crater into a radio telescope with a lining of wire mesh.
Read more:
China lands on the far side of moon – here is the science behind the mission
It’s not just 4G
Despite its interest in these radio projects, Nasa also has its eye commercial partnerships. Nokia is just one of 14 American companies Nasa is working with in a new set of partnerships, worth more than US$370m, for the development of its Artemis programme, which aims to return astronauts to the Moon by 2024.
The involvement of private companies in space technology is not new. And the rights and wrongs have long been debated. Drawing possibly the most attention has been SpaceX’s Starlink satellites, which caused a stir among astronomers after their first major launch in 2019.
Read more:
Space junk: Astronomers worry as private companies push ahead with satellite launches
Images quickly began to emerge with trails of Starlink satellites cutting across them – often obscuring or outshining the original astronomical targets.
An artist’s impression of the planned SKA-mid dishes in Africa. SKA Organisation, CC BY
Astronomers have had to deal with satellites for a long time, but Starlink’s numbers and brightness are unprecedented and and their orbits are difficult to predict. These concerns apply to anyone doing ground-based astronomy, whether they use an optical or a radio telescope.
A recent analysis of satellite impact on radio astronomy was released by the SKA Organisation, which is developing the next generation of radio telescope technology for the Square Kilometre Array. It calculated that the SKA telescopes would be 70% less sensitive in the radio band that Starlink uses for communications, assuming an eventual number of 6,400 Starlink satellites.
As space becomes more and more commercialised, the sky is filling with an increasing volume of technology. That is why it has never been more important to have regulations protecting astronomy. To help ensure that as we take further steps into space, we’ll still be able to gaze at it from our home on Earth.
Emma Alexander, PhD Candidate in Astrophysics, University of Manchester
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is supposed to protect Americans by regulating the telecom industry. They have failed to do so for decades. Lawsuits have been filed against the agency for NOT protecting the public from unsafe levels of wireless radiation as well as 5G deployment on land (see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and in space (see 1, 2). American 5G opposition also includes federal agencies and other experts that warn it could threaten jobs, national security, public safety, and weather forecasting accuracy (see 1, 2, 3, 4).
The majority of scientists worldwide oppose 5G until there are studies proving it’s safe. Doctors and scientists have asked for moratoriums on Earth and in space (see 1, 2). All sources of wireless radiation, including 5G, are biologically and environmentally harmful (see also 1, 2, 3, 4).
Only time will tell how having 4G and eventually 5G on the Moon and tens of thousands of radiation-emitting satellites will affect space as well as everybody and everything else.
Activist Post reports regularly about unsafe technology. For more information visit our archives and the following websites.
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